1. Concept
CNC lathe is a machine tool with a high degree of automation. It adopts computer numerical control technology to automatically process metal materials. CNC lathe processing has the characteristics of high precision, high efficiency and high degree of automation, and is widely used in aerospace, automobile, machinery manufacturing, mechatronics and other fields.
2. Working principle
The working principle of CNC lathe processing is to control the spindle speed, feed speed and tool feed through the computer-processed CNC system to achieve precise machining of the workpiece. The machining process can be divided into three steps:
- Programming: Compile the NC program on the computer and input the processing parameters into the NC system.
- Clamp the workpiece: fix the workpiece to be processed on the spindle, and use clamping tools such as chucks and fixtures.
- Processing: The CNC system controls the movement of the spindle and cutting tools according to the preset program instructions to realize the processing of the workpiece.
3. Basic structure and main components
- Spindle system: used to control the rotation speed of the tool. The spindle is usually composed of a motor, a reducer and a spindle box. The speed and direction of the motor are controlled by the numerical control system, so that the tool can cut the workpiece according to the predetermined speed and direction.
- Tool holder system: The tool holder system is used to fix and control the cutting tool, including tool holder, cutter head, spring and other components. The tool post realizes the translation, rotation and other actions of the tool rod through the instructions of the numerical control system, so that the tool head can cut the workpiece.
- Work clamping system: The work clamping system is used to fix the workpiece and keep it stable. The clamping system includes chuck, workpiece support, fixture and other components, and the clamping force and position as well as the rotation angle of the workpiece are controlled by the numerical control system.
- Feed system: The feed system is used to control the relative movement of the tool and workpiece, including feed motor, feed mechanism, ball screw and other components. The numerical control system can realize the control of parameters such as feed speed and feed amount to meet the processing requirements.
- Numerical control system: The operation of the lathe is controlled by the program processed by the computer. The CNC system includes electrical control system, motion control system, communication interface and other components to realize the control of parameters such as spindle speed, tool holder position and feed speed.
4. CNC lathe processing process
- Design drawing: design the 3D model of the parts to be processed, perform 3D modeling, and export the NC program.
- Select the appropriate process: According to the characteristics of the parts and processing requirements, select the appropriate parameters such as cutting tools, feed speed and cutting depth.
- Clamp the workpiece: Clamp the parts to be processed on the lathe spindle.
- Install cutting tools: Install the required cutting tools.
- Run the NC program: input the processing parameters into the NC system and run the program.
- Check the processing quality: check whether the processed parts meet the requirements.
- Clean the lathe: Clean and maintain the lathe to keep the equipment in good condition.
5. Fields of application
CNC lathes are widely used in aerospace, automobile, machinery manufacturing, mechatronics and other fields. In the field of aerospace, it is used to make high-complexity parts such as engine parts and aircraft structural parts. In the field of automobile manufacturing, it is used to manufacture auto parts, such as axles, reducer gears, etc. In the field of mechanical manufacturing, high-precision parts such as sealing surfaces, bushings, and shafts can be manufactured. In the field of mechatronics, it is used to manufacture electronic components such as sensors and motors.
6.CNC lathe maintenance and maintenance
- Regularly check the operation of each part of the lathe and keep it clean.
- Ensure the normal operation of the lathe lubrication system and keep the lubricating oil clean and sufficient.
- Replace the lathe cutting tool in time to keep the tool sharp.
- Ensure the normal operation of the lathe CNC system, update the system software and upgrade the hardware in time.
- Carry out regular maintenance and maintenance of the lathe, check and replace the transmission parts and hydraulic components of the machine tool.
